拉布拉多獵犬(英文名:Labrador retriever)是起源於加拿大的紐芬蘭島,最早被訓練在冰冷的海上將漁網收回和擔任搬運工作的一種獵犬。19世紀,紐芬蘭的漁夫們將該犬販賣到英格蘭,此後引起世人的關注。該犬看起來具有強健的身體,很活躍。它的腰部上方頗寬,後半身有力、肌肉發達,被毛貼身、短、濃密且無長毛摻雜其間。該犬很喜歡玩水、游泳;通常不具備其他犬類的麻煩特徵,如占地盤、搞破壞、攻擊人類或小動物等。
拉布拉多獵犬智商非常高,它聰明聽話,易於訓練,服從指揮,對老人和小孩都非常溫柔。經過訓練以後,可以作為人類的重要幫手,如作為盲人的導盲犬,作為殘障者的協助犬,也可以作為警衛犬協助偵查毒品、爆炸物等。此外,拉布拉多獵犬還是一種對主人不離不棄的優秀伴侶犬。
據美聯社等外媒報導,美國養犬協會2022年7月15日公布了2021年最受美國人歡迎的犬類排行榜,忠誠又可靠的拉布拉多犬連續31年蟬聯第一名。
動物學史
拉布拉多獵犬早期的祖先
拉布拉多獵犬起源於1800年之前的加拿大東南方的紐芬蘭島西岸及東南岸。剛開始時該犬被稱為小型紐芬蘭犬、黑色水獵犬、聖約翰水獵犬,與體形較大且具有黑色長毛的紐芬蘭犬有血緣關係。聖約翰水獵犬雖體形較小,但是非常結實,是極為強壯的游泳高手,原先被當地漁民用來拾回鱈魚,在岸上協助取下漁具,還幫忙把又濕又重的漁網拖回岸上,由於具有短毛,讓它能夠在冰冷的海水中不至於結冰,工作效率比長毛的紐芬蘭犬高很多
拉布拉多獵犬
在18世紀末,聖約翰水獵犬傳入英格蘭,因而被培育成拾獵犬,到了19世紀中期,此犬種在英格蘭已發展很成熟了。拉布拉多獵犬被帶到英國之後,受到英國獵人的注意,結果很快被肯定為是全方位的犬種,不論在水裡或陸地,它都能扮演好拾獵犬的角色,且具有既穩定又服從的個性,蒙茲貝利伯爵將此犬命名為拉布拉多獵犬。雖然沒有確切記錄顯示是誰開始把此犬稱為拉布拉多獵犬,但拉布拉多獵犬這個名字是始於19世紀中期的英格蘭,所以有人乾脆把英國當成是拉布拉多獵犬的發源地。當英國犬協於1878年成立時,所有拾獵犬均被歸為一組,直到1904年拉布拉多獵犬才獨立成為一個犬種,同時,拉布拉多獵犬也被引回紐芬蘭,而且在當地成立了拉布拉多獵犬俱樂部,一隻從英格蘭進口的拉布拉多獵犬在第1次的紐芬蘭犬協全犬種展中獲得了全場總冠軍(BIS)大獎。拉布拉多獵犬從此在大西洋兩岸成為非常受歡迎的獵犬及家庭寵物犬,並且發展成現今的結實耐勞、嗅覺靈敏、性格溫馴、聰慧、善解人意、愛好水中活動、具有高超拾獵技巧的全功能犬種。
20世紀60年代後期,隨著養狗熱潮而大量進口到日本,但曾經有一段沉寂的時間,直到進入20世紀90年代後,才開始匯集人氣。除了作為玩賞狗之外,拉布拉多獵犬也是十分活躍的鳥獵犬、導盲犬、毒品搜索犬、災難救助犬,自從1994年被認定為適合警犬的犬種以後,拉布拉多獵犬的警犬登錄頭數便十分逼近第一名的德國牧羊犬。
形態特徵
整體外貌
幼犬(16張)
從整個外貌看,拉布拉多獵犬姿態端莊美觀,雄健強壯、自然淳樸、優雅緊湊,身體平衡極佳,前身、後身及各部分發育勻稱協調,肌肉發達、警覺,充滿生命力,給人以「美」的感受。
最明顯的特徵
短、緻密、防水的被毛;一個水獺似的尾巴;一個輪廓鮮明的後頭骨;額段寬闊適中的頭部;強健的頜部和友好、善意的眼睛。粗壯美是拉布拉多獵犬身體結構協調的表現,也是拉布拉多獵犬俊美形象之所在。
拉布拉多獵犬-形態特徵
大小
拉布拉多獵犬屬中型體格犬,成年公犬體高56~65厘米,母犬體高53~60厘米。成年公犬標準體重28~38千克,母犬為25~32千克。拉布拉多獵犬以中等大小為理想,過高或過低都有損於工作價值和繁殖價值。只有中等大小的健壯的犬才能達到力量、耐力、靈敏度和速度的最佳組合。
比例
體長等於或略大於肩高;從肘部到地面的距離等於肩高的一半。
結構
骨骼與整個犬體比例勻稱。
頭部
頭部飽滿,寬而平,有微小的額鼻階,顱部與吻部不是形成直線頭部大小與身體比例和諧。額部較寬,上額占頭全長約50%,上額的寬度與長度相似,公犬略微寬大些,母犬稍窄些。額部從前面和側面看無弓形,中間亦無下凹。鼻寬,鼻孔發達,對於黑色或黃色犬來說,鼻子應是黑色的;而對於巧克力色的犬來說,鼻子應是褐色的。牙齒整齊,共42顆(上顎20顆、下顎22顆),咬力強,呈鉗狀咬合,下切齒尖外緣與上切齒間內緣相遇而無間隙。雙耳下垂,大小適中,耳基寬,耳尖斜下,耳廓緊密貼頸,耳型活潑自然。眼睛明亮有神,中等大小,卵圓形,呈黑色、黃色或棕褐色,既不向外突出,也不向內深陷,眼神給人以智慧、自信、沉著感。
頸、軀幹
頸長適中,與頭和背呈適當比例,無鬆弛或下垂皮膚。犬在緊張站立時,頸部與垂直線成45°夾角,但在奔跑時犬會將頸部向前伸出。肩胛長而斜。胸寬而深,胸深占體高的45~48%。軀幹短,富有彈性的肋骨逐漸變細形成適合寬度的胸部。體長和體高相比要長一些,體長與體高之比在10:9~10:8。背直且非常發達,腰部短寬而健壯,延伸到發育良好、強有力的後軀。
四肢
拉布拉多獵犬的四肢強健,中等長度,骨骼與肌肉發達,彎曲適度。從前面觀察,兩前肢發育良好,骨骼強壯,呈垂直狀態。從後部觀察,後肢垂直地面並相互平行。後肢骨骼強健,肌肉發達,在膝關節處形成恰當的角度。後肢的角度及發達的肌肉有利於犬的疾馳、穩固地抓地以及闊步時犬身體的推進。拉布拉多獵犬的足部圓、短、結實有力,腳趾適當拱起,足墊發育良好、厚實而富於彈性,常為黑色。
尾
尾巴是拉布拉多獵犬區別於其他犬種的一個特徵。拉布拉多獵犬的尾巴根部非常粗,逐漸向尾端變細,有短而厚密的毛覆蓋,呈圓形,稱為獺尾。拉布拉多獵犬的尾巴無羽狀飾毛,這也是拉布拉多獵犬區別於金毛尋回犬的一個重要特徵。
被毛
拉布拉多獵犬有雙層被毛:一層軟的絨狀內層毛和一層較硬的外層剛性毛。
顏色
拉布拉多獵犬有黑色、黃色和巧克力色三種顏色。其他任何顏色或顏色組合都是不符合標準的。胸部有小的白色斑塊是允許的,但不理想。黑色的犬全部為黑色,黑色帶有斑點或黑色帶有棕色斑紋都屬於失格。黃色允許從淡紅色到淺奶酪色,在耳朵、後背、下腹部顏色深淺有所不同。巧克力色變化允許從淺巧克力色到深巧克力色。巧克力色帶有斑點或黃褐色的巧克力色屬於失格。
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